What Is a Distro in Linux?
(What Is a Distro in Linux?) The Linux open-source operating system kernel provides foundational support for multiple operating systems while people refer to these derived systems as Linux distributions or distros. The standardization of Windows and macOS packages does not exist in Linux because users can personalize their system through multiple distros that adapt to their particular needs. We will analyze Linux distributions together with their multiple versions and their selection process as well as commands for examining your active distribution in this research.
What Is a Linux Distro?
- A Linux distribution (distro) is a complete operating system built around the Linux kernel. It includes:
- The Linux Kernel – The core part of the operating system that interacts with hardware.
- System Utilities – Essential programs that manage the system.
- Package Management System – Tools to install, update, and remove software (e.g., APT, DNF, Pacman).
- Desktop Environment (Optional) – A graphical user interface (GUI) like GNOME, KDE, or XFCE.
- Preinstalled Software – Web browsers, text editors, media players, and more.
Each Linux distro is designed with different goals, such as performance, security, or ease of use.
Types of Linux Distributions
Linux distributions fall into different categories based on their design, purpose, and user base.
a) General-Purpose Distros
These are designed for everyday users and provide a balance of ease of use, performance, and stability.
Popular General-Purpose Distros:
- Ubuntu – One of the most popular Linux distributions, known for ease of use.
- Debian – A highly stable and reliable base for other distros.
- Fedora – A cutting-edge distribution that showcases new technologies.
- openSUSE – A powerful and flexible distro suitable for both beginners and advanced users.
b) Lightweight Distros
These distributions are designed for low-resource hardware, such as old computers or embedded devices.
Popular Lightweight Distros:
Puppy Linux – A small and fast distro that runs entirely in RAM.
Lubuntu – A lightweight Ubuntu variant with the LXQt desktop.
Tiny Core Linux – One of the smallest Linux distributions, with a minimal footprint.
c) Security & Privacy-Focused Distros
These distros prioritize security, anonymity, and privacy.
Popular Security Distros:
Kali Linux – Used for penetration testing and ethical hacking.
Tails – A privacy-focused live OS that routes traffic through Tor.
Parrot OS – A security-focused distro with tools for forensics and hacking.
d) Rolling Release vs. Fixed Release Distros
- Rolling Release – Updates continuously without requiring a full system upgrade (e.g., Arch Linux, Manjaro).
- Fixed Release – Major updates come in separate versions (e.g., Ubuntu, Debian).
How to Check Your Linux Distribution
If you are already using Linux, you may need to check which distribution you are running. Here are several commands to find out.
a) Using the lsb_release Command
The lsb_release command provides information about the installed Linux distribution.
Command:
Example Output:
If you only want the distribution name, use:
Example Output:
b) Checking /etc/os-release File
Most modern Linux distros store version details in the /etc/os-release file.
Command:
Example Output:
This file provides details like the distro name, version, and ID.
c) Using the hostnamectl Command
The hostnamectl command, available on systemd-based systems, can also show the OS details.
Command:
Example Output:
d) Checking the /etc/issue File
The /etc/issue file contains a simple description of the Linux distro.
Command:
Example Output:
e) Using the uname Command
While uname primarily provides kernel details, it can help identify the system type.
Command:
Example Output:
Linux→ OS type5.15.0-84-generic→ Kernel versionx86_64→ System architecture
How to Choose the Right Linux Distro
Choosing a Linux distribution depends on your needs. Consider the following:
For Beginners:
- Ubuntu
- Linux Mint
- Fedora
For Advanced Users:
- Arch Linux
- Debian
- Gentoo
For Developers:
- Fedora (for cutting-edge features)
- Debian (for stability)
- Ubuntu (for extensive community support)
For Servers:
- CentOS Stream
- Ubuntu Server
- Debian
For Gaming:
- Pop!_OS
- SteamOS
- Manjaro
For Privacy & Security:
- Tails
- Qubes OS
- Kali Linux
5. How to Install a Linux Distro
Step 1: Download an ISO File
Visit the official website of the distribution and download the ISO file.
Step 2: Create a Bootable USB Drive
Use a tool like Rufus (Windows) or dd (Linux) to create a bootable USB drive.
Command (Linux):
Replace /dev/sdX with your USB drive.
Step 3: Boot from USB and Install
Restart your computer and boot from the USB to install the OS.
Conclusion
A Linux distribution functions as an entire operating system that builds upon the Linux kernel while different distributions fulfill unique requirements. Every Linux distribution caters to specific needs since users require either easy usability or secure performance. Three commands available for viewing your Linux distribution include lsb_release -a, cat /etc/os-release, and uname -a. Your comprehension of Linux distributions allows you to select a suitable operating system from various choices depending on your usage needs ranging from home to development and gaming to enterprise requirements.
